1992 OLYMPIC GAMES

Barcelona’s success as a tourist destination has only come about in recent times – in fact since the city hosted the Olympic Games in 1992. However it has not been all plain sailing. This article discusses the key factors associated with transforming Barcelona from a tourism backwater to the twelfth most popular city destination in the world, and the fifth most popular in Europe, in less than 20 years. It briefly illustrates significant events in Barcelona’s history, discusses urban regeneration and development and explains how the city overcame difficulties after the Games, particularly in terms of the over-supply of accommodation. The significant impact that a well-organised, well-resourced and dynamically-led Olympic delivery organisation can have on the success of the Games is also illustrated.

Barcelona is often held up internationally as a prime example of how a host destination can harness the global attention associated with hosting the Olympic Games to provide a step-change in their tourism economy. However, while hosting the Olympic Games did indeed provide a strong catalyst for this transformation, there were a number of other factors that were equally important both before and after 1992.

The 1992 Olympic Games had an enormous impact on urban development in Barcelona, transforming it from an industrial city to one than combines industry with art, culture and commerce. This was achieved through the amendment and application of a previously proposed ambitious urban regeneration plan which included improvements to the city’s transport infrastructure, public services and amenities as well as Olympic-related facilities.
According to Pere Durán:

'The Games were the excuse, perhaps the incentive, for a general process of analysis of the city in general and in particular of its role as a tourist centre.'

Barcelona was opened to the sea with the construction of the Olympic Village and Olympic Port in Poblenou, a run down, post-industrial neighbourhood. Various new centres were created, and modern sports facilities were built in the Olympic zones of Montjuïc, Diagonal, and Vall d'Hebron. The construction of ring roads around the city helped reduce the density of the traffic, and the El Prat airport was modernised and expanded as two new terminals were opened. New hotels were built and several old ones refurbished.

Historic buildings in the Gothic Quarter and on Montjuic Mountain were restored, while world famous architects were invited to design new buildings. For example, Santiago Calatrava designed the Montjuic Telecommunications Tower, Vittorio Gregotti designed the new Montjuic Stadium and I M Pei designed the International Trade Centre at the port. This development was undertaken not just to support the staging of the Olympics, but for the city itself, with one eye on it being transformed into a future business and tourism destination.
As well as ensuring the success of the Games, the focus of the regeneration work was on determining where the long-term benefits could be derived from the funds invested. As Ferran Brunet, researcher for the Centre of Olympic Studies explains:

'It is not just about the event itself or the urban investments but also about foreign investment before, during and after the event.'

Central to the success of any Olympics is the host’s Olympic Organisation Committee. In Barcelona, the organisation of the Games was led by the COOB (the Barcelona Olympic Organiser Committee). Granted considerable powers and a significant budget, the work of the Committee was another key success factor.
Miguel Botella points out in his book on the success of the Barcelona Olympics the significant impact that a well-organised, well-resourced and dynamically-led Olympic delivery organisation such as COOB can have on delivering a successful Games. The outputs delivered by COOB that Botella highlights as being of particular significance include:

• harnessing the public by employing over 32,000 dedicated volunteer staff
• having a detailed and tested master plan for delivering the games
• decentralising the operational phase so managers could deal with problems as they arose
• incorporating new technology wherever possible
• working closely with companies in developing sponsorship opportunities
• developing institutional co-operation between all public bodies.

The last important success factor associated with Barcelona Olympics was media coverage, especially by journalists from outside Western Europe.
It became clear that a large majority of the journalists had not visited Barcelona before and did not have high expectations of the city. There were therefore surprised by its cultured and cosmopolitan nature and the celebratory atmosphere created by residents – the city itself became the star of the Games. Whilst it could be said that the host city and its culture is the focus of attention at all Olympics, the situation in 1992 was quite unusual: it could be considered that Barcelona itself upstaged Olympic events, but on the other hand the Olympics created modern Barcelona.
The local media, after years of being sceptical as to whether the Games could be staged in the city, also decided to wholeheartedly support the Olympics.
The net result of these factors was that, after the Games, Barcelona was on the tourist map of hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of people around the world who, until then, did not have any idea of its existence. The city was thought of as one of Europe’s ‘best hidden secrets’. It was vibrant and modern with an extraordinary architecture, a high level of gastronomy and beaches accessible by underground. It was considered to be just a matter of time before Barcelona would become an attractive tourist destination and, when it did, everyone concluded that this was solely due to hosting the Olympics.

The impact of the Barcelona Olympics was considerable, especially on the hotel sector. In 1990 Barcelona had a total of 118 hotels, between them providing 10,265 rooms and a total of 18,569 beds. By 1992 the number of hotels had risen to 148, with 13,352 rooms and a total of 25,055 beds, in the expectation that there would be a boom in tourism during and after the games. However, hotels that had an average annual occupancy of 80% before the Olympic Games, now found that they had less than 50% occupancy. This, in turn, caused prices to fall with the very real prospect that the city would fade back into obscurity.
This sudden downturn in the tourism market led to a process of reflection which proved to be pivotal to the future of the city. Although the first meetings between Barcelona’s City Hall (represented by the Patronat Municipal de Turisme) and the Official Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Navigation (represented by its Tourism Committee), to consider the city’s future as a tourist centre were held in 1987, it was not until the end of 1993 that the Turisme de Barcelona consortium was formed. This proved to be a turning point.

Turisme de Barcelona is a combination of public and private sector interests. Its General Council is presided over by the Mayor of Barcelona, while its Executive Committee is headed by the president of the Chamber of Commerce. The organisation aims to bring together all the public and private bodies with an interest in the tourist sector through these two institutions. The new organisation was to play a central role in the future development of the city as a tourist destination.
Prior to its formation, promotion of Barcelona as a tourist destination was undertaken by the Mayor’s office and had been generic and relatively unsuccessful. Under Turisme de Barcelona, with increased industry input, much more sophisticated and targeted marketing activity was introduced. Increased market research was undertaken, specific promotions developed for different market segments and services and facilities were developed that catered for these segments due to the co-ordination between marketing and the industry.
Thanks to its abundant hotel offer, new meeting and conventions facilities were developed for the business market. The city’s true arrival as a major conference destination came in 2004 when the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) study found that Barcelona was the world’s leading destination for conferences.

Meanwhile the new port facilities developed for the Olympics were used to start a cruise market – something that had been practically nonexistent before 1992. As a result, Barcelona is now one of the leading cruise destinations in Europe with facilities that can cater for up to 26,000 passengers daily.
Furthermore, Turisme de Barcelona created specific departments including a department for tour operators that made sure that Barcelona was included in hundreds of tour operator brochures. As a result, Barcelona became one of the main city break destinations in Europe.
An effective press department was also established that has resulted in the continual flow of thousands of journalists through the city – more than 2,000 journalist were hosted in Barcelona last year. This generates thousands of articles in magazines and newspapers all over the word, keeping Barcelona at the forefront of travellers' minds when choosing a destination.

So, was it the Olympics that turned Barcelona into one of the world’s top tourism destinations? Or was it Turisme de Barcelona and budget airlines?
Certainly the 1992 Olympic Games offered Barcelona the opportunity to rediscover itself, draw on its existing resources and create new ones. Important investments in infrastructure suddenly revealed attractive neighbourhoods close to the Mediterranean ocean, which, before the Games, were considered marginal areas. Add to that the historical context, and the stage was set for the Olympics to put Barcelona on the international tourism map forever.

The urban transformation of the city due to 1992 Olympic Games:

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HISTORY OF BARCELONA

Barcelona has emerged from a spotty history. With Castilian kings pumping cannonballs over the city walls and anarchists disagreeing on which shoulder to hang their rifles, the city shrank in the shadow of greater cities and powers for centuries.
Though founded around 230 BC, likely by the Carthaginians, and invaded by the Visigoths and then the Muslims, the history of the city, in a sense, only truly began after armies from what is now France pushed back the Muslims in 801 AD. At the time, the plains and mountains to the northwest and north of Barcelona were populated by the people who by then could be identified as 'Catalans' (although surviving documentary references to the term only date to the 10th century). Catalan's closest linguistic relative today is the langue d'oc, the old language of southern France.
In the 12th century, Catalunya grew rich on pickings from the fall of the Muslim caliphate of Córdoba. The Catalans managed to keep their creative forces alight through to the 14th century, when Barcelona ruled a mini-empire including Sicily, Malta, Sardinia, Valencia, the Balearics, the French regions of Rousillon and Cerdagne and parts of Greece. But by the 15th century, devastated by the plague, spectacular bank crashes, and the Genoese squeezing their markets, the empire ran out of steam. While the Catalans may have hoped that union with the kingdom of Castile would pump cash back into the coffers and vitality onto the streets, heirs to the crowns of Castile and Aragón were more interested in juicing Catalunya to finance their own imperial ambitions.

A 1462 rebellion against King Joan II ended in a siege in 1473 that devastated the city. Barcelona was more or less annexed into the Castilian state, but was excluded from the plundering of the Americas that brought fantastic riches to 16th-century Castile. By now, the peasants had started to revolt. Disaffected Catalans resorted to arms a number of times, and the last revolt, during the War of the Spanish Succession, saw Catalunya siding with Britain and Austria against Felipe V, the French contender for the Spanish throne. That was their undoing. Barcelona fell in 1714 after another shocking siege, and as well as banning the Catalan language, Felipe built a huge fort, the Ciutadella, to watch over his ungrateful subjects in town.

After 1778 Catalunya was permitted to trade with America, and the region's fortunes gradually turned around. Spain's first industrial revolution, based on cotton, was launched there, and other industries based on wine, cork and iron also developed. By the 1830s, the European Romantic movement virtually rescued Catalan culture and language just as it was in danger of disappearing. The Catalan Renaixença, or Renaissance, was a crusade led by poets and writers to popularise the people's language. A fervent nationalist movement sprang up around the same time, and was embraced by all parties of the political spectrum.

The decades around the turn of the century were a fast ride, with anarchists, Republicans, bourgeois regionalists, gangsters, police terrorists, political gunmen called pistoleros and centrists in Madrid all clamouring for a slice of the action. This followed an explosion in Barcelona's population - from around 115,000 in 1800 to more than half a million by 1900, then over a million by 1930 - as workers flocked in for industrial jobs. As many as 80% of the city's workers embraced the anarchist CNT by the end of WWI, and industrial relations hit an all-time low during a wave of strikes in 1919-20 when employers hired assassins to kill union leaders.

Within days of Spain's Second Republic forming in 1931, Catalan nationalists declared a republic within an 'Iberian Federation'. Catalunya briefly gained genuine autonomy after the leftist Popular Front won the February 1936 Spanish general election, and for nearly a year revolutionary anarchists and the POUM (the Workers Marxist Unification Party) ran the town. Get 10 anarchists in a room, though, and you'll have 11 political opinions; in May 1937 infighting between communists, anarchists and the POUM broke out into street fighting for three days, killing at least 1500 people.
The Republican effort across Spain was troubled by similar infighting, which destroyed any chance they may have had of defeating Franco's fascist militia. Barcelona, the last stronghold of the Republicans, fell to Franco's forces in January 1939, and the war ended a few months later. Rather than submitting to Franco, thousands of Catalans fled across the border to France, Andorra and farther afield.

Franco wasted no time in banning Catalan and flooding the region with impoverished immigrants from Andalucía in the vain hope that the pesky Catalans, with their continual movements for independence, would be swamped. But the plan soured somewhat when the migrants' children and grandchildren turned out to be more Catalan than the Catalans. Franco even banned one of the Catalans' joyful expressions of national unity, the sardana, a public circle dance.
But they'd barely turned the last sods on El Supremo's grave when Catalunya burst out again in an effort to recreate itself as a nation. Catalan was revived with a vengeance, the Generalitat, or local parliament, was reinstated, and today, people gather all over town several times a week to dance the sardana. While there's still talk of independence, it remains just that - talk. Barcelona is its country's most happening town, and seems set to stay that way.

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